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Plated contacts for solar cells with superior adhesion strength to screen printed solar cells

CHEN,S. WANG,A. WENHAM,Z. SHI,T. YOUNG,J. JI,M. EDWARDS,A. SUGIANTO,L. MAI,S. WENHAM,C. CHONG

Frontiers in Energy 2017, Volume 11, Issue 1,   Pages 72-77 doi: 10.1007/s11708-016-0428-4

Abstract: The improvement of adhesion strength and durability of plated contacts is required for cell manufacturers to gain confidence for large-scale manufacturing. To overcome weak adhesion at the metal/Si interface, new approaches were developed. These involve the formation of laser-ablated anchor points, or grooves in the extreme case of overlapping anchor points, in the heavily doped silicon surface. When plated, these features greatly strengthen the mechanical adhesion strength of the metal. A stylus-based adhesion tester was developed specifically for evaluating the effectiveness of plated contacts to smooth silicon surfaces. The use of such a tester was also extended in this work to textured and roughened surfaces to allow evaluation of different metal contacting approaches. The adhesion strengths for various metal contacting schemes were evaluated, including screen-printed silver contacts, nickel/copper (Ni/Cu) light-induced plated (LIP) contacts for laser-doped selective emitter (LDSE) cells, buried-contact solar cells (BCSCs), and Ni/Cu LIP contacts formed with laser-ablated anchoring points in selective emitter (LAASE) cells. The latter has superior adhesion strength. The standard “peel test” of the industry was compared to the stylus-based adhesion testing, with the latter shown value for testing metal contacts on smooth surfaces but with caution needed for use with textured or roughened surfaces.

Keywords： light-induced plating     metal adhesion strength     copper plating     metal contacts     solar cell durability     silicon solar cells    

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Elastic modulus and thermal stress in coating during heat cycling with different substrate shapes

Daniel GAONA,Alfredo VALAREZO

Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering 2015, Volume 10, Issue 3,   Pages 294-300 doi: 10.1007/s11465-015-0351-0

Abstract: the results is verified by comparing the present results with Stony Brook University Laboratory’s

Keywords： in-plane     Young’s modulus     curvature temperature     thermal stress     coating    

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Advanced cement based nanocomposites reinforced with MWCNTs and CNFs

GDOUTOS,Maria S. KONSTA-GDOUTOS,Panagiotis A. DANOGLIDIS,Surendra P. SHAH

Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2016, Volume 10, Issue 2,   Pages 142-149 doi: 10.1007/s11709-016-0342-1

Abstract: Mechanical and fracture properties including flexural strength, Young’s modulus, flexural and fractureexhibited superior properties demonstrated by a significant improvement in flexural strength (106%), Young’s modulus (95%), flexural toughness (105%), effective crack length (30%) and fracture toughness (120%

Keywords： multi-walled carbon nanotubes     carbon nanofibers     mortars     toughness     Young’s modulus    

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Preliminary experimental study of a supercritical CO

Junhyun CHO, Hyungki SHIN, Jongjae CHO, Young-Seok KANG, Ho-Sang RA, Chulwoo ROH, Beomjoon LEE, GilbongLEE, Byunghui KIM, Young-Jin BAIK

Frontiers in Energy 2017, Volume 11, Issue 4,   Pages 452-460 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0504-4

Abstract: Research on applying a supercritical carbon dioxide power cycle (S-CO ) to concentrating solar powerAn S-CO system is suitable for CSP owing to its compactness, higher efficiency, and dry-cooling capabilityAt the Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), to implement an S-CO system, a 10 kWe class test loopTo solve the technical bottleneck of S-CO turbomachinery, a partial admission nozzle and oil-lubricationTo experience the closed-power cycle and develop an operational strategy of S-CO operated at high pressure

Keywords： supercritical CO2     power cycle     turbomachinery     compressor     turbine    

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The 2022 Young Talent Award Winners

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2022, Volume 16, Issue 12, doi: 10.1007/s11783-022-1597-5

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Advances of 12th CAPS research symposium: young chemists and chemical engineers fronts

Guoping Hu, Baiqian Dai

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2021, Volume 15, Issue 3,   Pages 461-463 doi: 10.1007/s11705-020-2026-6

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Growing collaborations between Chinese and UK young scholars on chemical science and technology

Weiping Wu, Xiaolei Fan, Yongliang Li, Ruijiao Dong

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2021, Volume 15, Issue 1,   Pages 1-3 doi: 10.1007/s11705-020-2027-5

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Sorption enhanced catalytic CF

Jae-Yun Han, Chang-Hyun Kim, Boreum Lee, Sung-Chan Nam, Ho-Young Jung, Hankwon Lim, Kwan-Young Lee, Shin-Kun

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2017, Volume 11, Issue 4,   Pages 537-544 doi: 10.1007/s11705-017-1651-1

Abstract: In this study, we developed a three-stage catalyst-adsorbent reactor for the catalytic hydrolysis of CF . Each stage is composed of a catalyst bed followed by an adsorbent bed using Ca(OH) to remove HF. The three stages are connected in series to enhance the hydrolysis of CF and eliminate a scrubber to dissolve HF in water at the same time. With a 10 wt-% Ce/Al O catalyst prepared by the incipient wetness method using boehmite and a granular calcium hydroxide as an adsorbent, the CF conversion in our proposed reactor was 7%–23% higher than that in a conventional single-bed catalytic reactor in the temperature range of 923–1023 K. In addition, experimental and numerical simulation (Aspen HYSYS ) results showed a reasonable trend of increased CF conversion with the adsorbent added and these results can be used as a useful design guideline for our newly proposed multistage reactor system.

Keywords： PFCs     catalytic hydrolysis     calcium hydroxide     sorption enhanced     process simulation    

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Comments from young scholars: Can machines completely replace humans in manufacturing processes?

Shanlin YANG

Frontiers of Engineering Management 2018, Volume 5, Issue 4,   Pages 541-547 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2018207

Abstract:
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Adsorption of phosphate on magnetite-enriched particles (MEP) separated from the mill scale

Muhammad Kashif Shahid, Yunjung Kim, Young-Gyun Choi

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2019, Volume 13, Issue 5, doi: 10.1007/s11783-019-1151-2

Abstract: MEP were separated from mill scale at low magnetic intensity i.e., 300 to 500 gauss. The phosphate adsorption capacity of MEP was determined 6.41 mg/g. MEP packed-bed columns were successfully regenerated with alkaline solution. Phosphate is a major pollutant in water, causing serious environmental and health consequences. In present study, the phosphate adsorption on novel magnetite-enriched particles (MEP) was comprehensively investigated. A new method and device were introduced for the separation of MEP from the mill scale at low magnetic intensity. Particles were characterized with different techniques such as XRD, XRF, SEM and EDS. The XRD and XRF analysis of MEP identified the dominant existence of crystalline magnetite. Furthermore, the morphological analysis of MEP confirmed the agglomerate porous morphology of magnetite. Oxygen and iron, the main constituents of magnetite were acknowledged during the elemental analysis using EDS. The phosphate adsorption on MEP is well explained using various isotherm and kinetic models, exhibiting the monolayer adsorption of phosphate on the surface of MEP. The maximum adsorption capacity was determined 6.41 mg/g. Based on particle size (45–75 and 75–150 µm) and empty bed contact time (1 and 2 h), four columns were operated for 54 days. MEP were appeared successful to remove all phosphate concentration from the column influent having 2 mg/L concentration. The operated column reactors were successfully regenerated with alkaline solution. The results indicated potential for practical application of the MEP for phosphate removal.

Keywords： Adsorption     Magnetite     Mill-scale     Phosphate     Wastewater treatment    

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Antithrombin deficiency and decreased protein C activity in a young man with venous thromboembolism:

Dong Wang, Min Tian, Guanglin Cui, Dao Wen Wang

Frontiers of Medicine 2018, Volume 12, Issue 3,   Pages 319-323 doi: 10.1007/s11684-017-0553-4

Abstract: Here, we report a Chinese 22-year-old young man who developed recurrent and serious VTE in cerebral veins

Keywords： antithrombin deficiency     protein C activity     mutation     variant     venous thromboembolism     anticoagulants    

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Epidemic obesity in children and adolescents: risk factors and prevention

Eun Young Lee, Kun-Ho Yoon

Frontiers of Medicine 2018, Volume 12, Issue 6,   Pages 658-666 doi: 10.1007/s11684-018-0640-1

Abstract: The prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents (aged 2–18 years) has increased rapidly, with more than 100 million affected in 2015. Moreover, the epidemic of obesity in this population has been an important public health problem in developed and developing countries for the following reasons. Childhood and adolescent obesity tracks adulthood obesity and has been implicated in many chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, childhood and adolescent obesity is linked to adulthood mortality and premature death. Although an imbalance between caloric intake and physical activity is a principal cause of childhood and adolescent obesity, environmental factors are exclusively important for development of obesity among children and adolescents. In addition to genetic and biological factors, socioenvironmental factors, including family, school, community, and national policies, can play a crucial role. The complexity of risk factors for developing obesity among children and adolescents leads to difficulty in treatment for this population. Many interventional trials for childhood and adolescent obesity have been proven ineffective. Therefore, early identification and prevention is the key to control the global epidemic of obesity. Given that the proportion of overweight children and adolescents is far greater than that of obesity, an effective prevention strategy is to focus on overweight youth, who are at high risk for developing obesity. Multifaceted, comprehensive strategies involving behavioral, psychological, and environmental risk factors must also be developed to prevent obesity among children and adolescents.

Keywords： obesity     children     adolescents     epidemiology     risk factor     prevention    

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Selective reduction of NO by photo-SCR with ammonia in an annular fixed-film photoreactor

YiangChen CHOU, Young KU

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2012, Volume 6, Issue 2,   Pages 149-155 doi: 10.1007/s11783-010-0296-9

Abstract: Gaseous NO was photocatalytically reduced at room temperature by photo-assisted selective catalytic reduction (photo-SCR) with ammonia over TiO in this study. NO reduction efficiency and N selectivity were determined from gases composition at the outlet stream of photoreactor. Effect of operating conditions, e.g. light intensity and inlet concentrations of ammonia and oxygen, on the NO reduction efficiency and N selectivity were discussed to determine the feasible operating condition for photocatalytic reduction of NO. Experimental results showed that selective catalytic reduction of NO with ammonia over TiO in the presence of oxygen was a spontaneous reaction in dark. The photoirradiation on the TiO surface caused remarkable photocatalytic reduction of NO to form N , NO , and N O under 254 nm UV illuminations, while almost 90% of N selectivity was achieved in this study. The ammonia and oxygen molecules played the roles of reductant and oxidant for NO reduction and active sites regeneration, respectively. The reduction of NO was found to be increased with the increase of inlet ammonia and oxygen concentrations until specific concentrations because of the limited active sites on the surface of TiO . The kinetic model proposed in this study can be used to reasonably describe the reaction mechanism of photo-SCR.

Keywords： photo-SCR     photocatalysis     NO reduction     Eley-Rideal model    

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Optimal operation of microgrid using hybrid differential evolution and harmony search algorithm

S. SURENDER REDDY,Jae Young PARK,Chan Mook JUNG

Frontiers in Energy 2016, Volume 10, Issue 3,   Pages 355-362 doi: 10.1007/s11708-016-0414-x

Abstract: This paper proposes the generation scheduling approach for a microgrid comprised of conventional generators, wind energy generators, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, battery storage, and electric vehicles. The electrical vehicles (EVs) play two different roles: as load demands during charging, and as storage units to supply energy to remaining load demands in the MG when they are plugged into the microgrid (MG). Wind and solar PV powers are intermittent in nature; hence by including the battery storage and EVs, the MG becomes more stable. Here, the total cost objective is minimized considering the cost of conventional generators, wind generators, solar PV systems and EVs. The proposed optimal scheduling problem is solved using the hybrid differential evolution and harmony search (hybrid DE-HS) algorithm including the wind energy generators and solar PV system along with the battery storage and EVs. Moreover, it requires the least investment.

Keywords： battery storage     electric vehicles (EVs)     microgrid (MG)     optimal scheduling     solar photovoltaic (PV) system     wind energy conversion system    

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Utilization of nano/micro-size iron recovered from the fine fraction of automobile shredder residue for phenol degradation in water

Jiwan SINGH, Yoon-Young CHANG, Jae-Kyu YANG, Seon-Hong KANG, Janardhan Reddy KODURU

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2016, Volume 10, Issue 4, doi: 10.1007/s11783-016-0848-8

Abstract: Phenol removal by n/m Fe in the presence of H O was highly effective. Increasing the amounts of n/m Fe and H O ?increased the phenol removal rate. Phenol removal was decreased with an increase in the concentration of phenol. The natural pH (6.9) of the solution was highly effective for phenol removal. The pseudo-first-order kinetics was best fitted for the degradation of phenol. The study investigates the magnetic separation of Fe from automobile shredder residue (ASR) (<0.25 mm) and its application for phenol degradation in water. The magnetically separated Fe was subjected to an ultrasonically assisted acid treatment, and the degradation of phenol in an aqueous solution using nano/micro-size Fe (n/m Fe) was investigated in an effort to evaluate the possibility of utilizing n/m Fe to remove phenol from wastewater. The prepared n/m Fe was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The effects of the dosages of n/mFe, pH, concentration of phenol and amount of H O on phenol removal were evaluated. The results confirm that the phenol degradation rate was improved with an increase in the dosages of n/mFe and H O ; however, the rate is reduced when the phenol concentration is higher. The degradation of phenol by n/mFe followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. The value of the reaction rate constant ( was increased as the amounts of n/m Fe and H O increased. Conversely, the value of was reduced when the concentration of phenol was increased. The probable mechanism behind the degradation of phenol by n/m Fe is the oxidation of phenol through hydroxyl radicals which are produced during the reaction between H O and n/m Fe.

Keywords： Automobile shredder residue (ASR)     Fe     Phenol     Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)     Mechanism    

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Title Author Date Type Operation

Plated contacts for solar cells with superior adhesion strength to screen printed solar cells

CHEN,S. WANG,A. WENHAM,Z. SHI,T. YOUNG,J. JI,M. EDWARDS,A. SUGIANTO,L. MAI,S. WENHAM,C. CHONG

Journal Article

Elastic modulus and thermal stress in coating during heat cycling with different substrate shapes

Daniel GAONA,Alfredo VALAREZO

Journal Article

Advanced cement based nanocomposites reinforced with MWCNTs and CNFs

GDOUTOS,Maria S. KONSTA-GDOUTOS,Panagiotis A. DANOGLIDIS,Surendra P. SHAH

Journal Article

Preliminary experimental study of a supercritical CO

Junhyun CHO, Hyungki SHIN, Jongjae CHO, Young-Seok KANG, Ho-Sang RA, Chulwoo ROH, Beomjoon LEE, GilbongLEE, Byunghui KIM, Young-Jin BAIK

Journal Article

The 2022 Young Talent Award Winners

Journal Article

Advances of 12th CAPS research symposium: young chemists and chemical engineers fronts

Guoping Hu, Baiqian Dai

Journal Article

Growing collaborations between Chinese and UK young scholars on chemical science and technology

Weiping Wu, Xiaolei Fan, Yongliang Li, Ruijiao Dong

Journal Article

Sorption enhanced catalytic CF

Jae-Yun Han, Chang-Hyun Kim, Boreum Lee, Sung-Chan Nam, Ho-Young Jung, Hankwon Lim, Kwan-Young Lee, Shin-Kun

Journal Article

Comments from young scholars: Can machines completely replace humans in manufacturing processes?

Shanlin YANG

Journal Article

Adsorption of phosphate on magnetite-enriched particles (MEP) separated from the mill scale

Muhammad Kashif Shahid, Yunjung Kim, Young-Gyun Choi

Journal Article

Antithrombin deficiency and decreased protein C activity in a young man with venous thromboembolism:

Dong Wang, Min Tian, Guanglin Cui, Dao Wen Wang

Journal Article

Epidemic obesity in children and adolescents: risk factors and prevention

Eun Young Lee, Kun-Ho Yoon

Journal Article

Selective reduction of NO by photo-SCR with ammonia in an annular fixed-film photoreactor

YiangChen CHOU, Young KU

Journal Article

Optimal operation of microgrid using hybrid differential evolution and harmony search algorithm

S. SURENDER REDDY,Jae Young PARK,Chan Mook JUNG

Journal Article

Utilization of nano/micro-size iron recovered from the fine fraction of automobile shredder residue for phenol degradation in water

Jiwan SINGH, Yoon-Young CHANG, Jae-Kyu YANG, Seon-Hong KANG, Janardhan Reddy KODURU

Journal Article